Sunday, January 26, 2020

The Role Of Intermediary Devices In Networks Information Technology Essay

The Role Of Intermediary Devices In Networks Information Technology Essay TCP/ IP model and OSI layers are the two network models used by the internet. In the OSI model, an Ethernet switch operates at the Data-Link layer to create a different collision domain for every single switch port. A multilayer switch though may work at more than one OSI layers, including physical, data link, network and even the transport layer. A router on the other hand is considered a layer 3- the Network layer of the TCP/IP model- device since it does most of its routing decisions according to information in the IP packet of layer 3. Role of Intermediary Devices in the network The switch, which is basically a modern and more efficient version of the outdated hub, is a network access device. The router is an internetworking device. They are both intermediary devices. The basic functionalities of the processes that run in them are to regenerate and re-transmit data, maintain information about the pathways that exist across the network and internet, inform other devices in case of errors and transmission failures, guide data along substitute pathways when there is a failure in the link, classify and direct messages according to Quality of Service (QoS) priorities and permit or deny data flow based on security settings. LANs AND WANs A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network which typically covers one geographical area, delivering services and applications to those within a mutual organizational structure. A switch is used to connect these computers. Switches lack the capability of connecting multiple networks or distributing an internet connection. A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network of computers covering a broad area and is used in interconnecting two or multiple Local Area Networks. It is usually built using leased lines. A router connects two or more logical subnets and thus is usually connected to two or more LANs or WANs or also a LAN and its Internet Service Provider (ISP). Routers are also used to link segments of a LAN that has been sub-netted into smaller segments. Routers are located at gateways, the meeting point of two or more networks (Ilascu, 2007) Address Table Packet-switched computer networks employ a forwarding technique called bridging. Bridging is dependent on flooding and source address examination in received packet headers to establish the address location of unknown devices. Switches maintain a table of Ethernet MAC addresses referred to as a CAM Table also known as Bridge forwarding table using a method called Transparent Bridging involving learning, flooding, filtering, forwarding and aging. The switch records the source addresses in entries in the table, while destination addresses are looked up in the table and matched to the proper segment to send the frame. The show mac-address-table command can be used to show this table on a Cisco switch. Source route bridging is another form of bridging that was developed for token ring networks. Routers direct packets according to information stored in the IP routing table. A router looks inside each TCP/IP packet it has received to identify the IP addresses of the source and target, sear ches its own routing table for the best match between the destination IP address of the network and addresses in the routing table packet then forwards the packets as desired to ensure that data reaches its destination. The show ip route command can be used to show the table on a Cisco router. (Cisco, 2009) Security Switches and routers are often ignored as security devices because they were originally made to enhance network connectivity rather than network security. Consequently, they are conceptually less secure. An attack on the edge router can cut off the entire network from its users. Weak passwords, unneeded services, protocol and IOS vulnerabilities and IOS configuration errors can cause security breaches. Most routers nowadays have a hardware firewall integrated in their systems thus this has made routers an important component in fostering network security. There are several technical terms about switches and routers that one would encounter: Ports and interfaces A port is a point of physical access or physical interface between a circuit and a device or system at which signals are injected or extracted. It can also be a logical connection, identified by a protocol address in a packet header, associated with TCP or UDP service. The IP address and the port number identify a socket. An interface physically and logically interconnects two other devices or systems Broadcast, unicast and multicast Multicast is a transmission mode in which a signal or packet is sent to multiple devices or computers, but not all on a network, unicast is where a single packet or signal is sent to a single device and broadcast is where it is sent to all stations on a network in order to update the routing table. Gateway This is where one network meets another, for example where a LAN and a WAN are joined by a router. Protocols These are rules and conventions used to exchange information between computers or across computer internetworks. Their two major functions are handshaking and line discipline. Encapsulation and Decapsulation Different types of information are added as data from the Application layer passes down the protocol stack. A new header in each level and a new name is given to the data enclosed. Decapsulation is the reverse. As data goes up the protocol stack, the Data link layer takes it from the physical medium, does a Cyclic Redundancy Check, strips off the respective headers and the rest of the data is passed to an upper layer till it reaches the application layer. Packet switching LAN switches depend on packet-switching. A connection between two segments is established long enough to direct out the current packet. Inbound packets are stored in a temporary memory area, buffer; MAC address in the header is read and compared to those in the switchs lookup table.   An Ethernet frame comprises a normal packet as the payload of the frame, which has a special header including the MAC address information. Traffic-routing in a switch Three methods are used by packet-based switches for traffic-routing. As soon as the packet is detected by the switch, Cut-through switches read the MAC address. The 6 bytes that contain the address information are stored and instantly forwarding the packet to the destination node starts as the rest of the packet comes into the switch. In store-and-forward, the entire packet is saved by the switch, checked for CRC inaccuracies or any other problems before sending. The packet is discarded if it contains errors. The least common method is fragment-free. Its working is like that of cut-through but the first 64 bytes of the packet are stored before sending. This is because most errors and all collisions take place during the first 64 bytes of a packet. Switch configurations The physical design of LAN switches differ. Shared memory is one of the three common configurations in use. This brand of switch stores all entering packets in a common buffer memory shared by all switch ports (for input and output connections), subsequently sending them out through the correct port for the required destination node. In Matrix type of switch, there is an internal grid with input ports crossing output ports. Once a packet is identified on an input port, the MAC address is matched to the lookup table to get the suitable output port. A connection on the grid  where these two ports intersect is then made by the switch. The third is Bus architecture, where instead of a grid; an internal transmission  path (common bus) is shared by all ports using TDMA. There is a dedicated memory buffer for each port in a switch based on this configuration, with an ASIC to control the internal bus access. Router interfaces A router typically has multiple interfaces, as its main purpose is to interconnect several networks and send packets from one network to another. Every interface is a member or host belonging to a different IP network. The routing table comprises of network addresses for a routers own interfaces, which are directly connected networks, and remote networks. Though routers make their major forwarding decisions at the Network layer, router interfaces do this in Layers 1, 2, and 3. IP packets at layer 1 are encapsulated into data link frame at layer 2 and encoded into bits at physical Layer 1. Router interfaces participate in processes associated with their encapsulation at layer 2. A router Ethernet interface, for example, takes part in the ARP process like other same LAN hosts. Router interfaces may vary, but Serial and FastEthernet interfaces are common. Static and Dynamic Routes Static routes are easily and manually configured. However, in large networks the manual operation can be quite cumbersome. Static routes have a default administrative distance of 1. If theres not a more specific match in the routing table, the default route, 0.0.0.0 network address and 0.0.0.0 subnet mask, is used to forward the packet to another router. Dynamic routing protocols require less administrative overhead. They do discovery of remote networks, maintaining up-to-date routing information, choosing the best path to destination networks and have ability to find a new best path if the current is no longer available or if there is a topology change. Static routing is still used nowadays, more often than not, in combination with dynamic routing. Conclusion As introduction of more industrial devices which have built-in Ethernet capabilities continues, networks keep becoming more complex and get crowded with signal traffic. This increases the necessity for Ethernet switches and routers with advanced technology which limits collisions, control bandwidth and have ability to craft virtual local area networks. Companies like Cisco, HP and IBM are racing to produce devices based on the new Energy Efficient Ethernet Standard (IEEE 802.3az). The announcement of CGR 2010 and CGS 2520 router and switch products by Cisco Systems recently designed to aid utility companies in supplying power to homes and businesses under the Smart grid project, a conglomeration of existing and technologies under development, hoped to ameliorate aging US power grid in the near future. As internet speeds get faster, through copper and fiber, switches and routers must possess features of high capacity and expandability. HOW THE INTERNET WORKS (incl. IPv4 and IPv6) Internet protocol suite It refers to a model architecture which divides methods into one layered system of protocols commonly known as TCP/IP, the two most important protocols in it. It is composed of the Link layer, Internet, Transport and Application layers. The link layer provides basic connectivity between computer networking hardware and associated interface-interface messaging management. The Internet layer facilitates interconnectivity between networks and has the Internet Protocol defining IPv4 and IPv6 used to locate hosts on the network. Transport layer provides a framework to convey data between hosts with the help of protocols like TCP and UDP. Application layer deals with application-based interaction between communicating Internet hosts on a process-to-process level. The Domain Name System (DNS) This is the whole network of programs and databases that cooperate to translate hostnames to IP addresses. Internet hostnames are composed of parts separated by dots. A domain is a collection of machines that share a common name suffix. Domains can also live inside other domains. Each domain is defined by an authoritative name server that knows the IP addresses of the other machines in the domain. The primary name server may have backups in case it goes down. The name-servers do not have to know the locations of all the machines in other domains including their own sub-domains, just the location of name-servers. Each top-level domain server knows where the name-servers for the domains directly beneath it are. Classful and classless routing IPv4 addresses were initially allocated based on classes A, B, C, D. Classful routing utilizes routing protocols which do not send subnet mask information if there is a sent out route update . All network devices must use a similar subnet mask e.g. RIPv1. In classless routing, the network portion of the address is determined by the network subnet mask, also known as the network prefix, or prefix length In Classless routing, subnet mask information is sent out in the routing updates. It allows VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) e.g. RIP V2 EIGRP OSPF. RIP V1 has no Support for VLSM and doesnt support discontigious networks. RIP v2, however, supports VLSM networks and discontigious networks through routers compliant with Classless-Inter Domain Routing, which reduce size of routing tables. Governance The internet is a globally distributed network made up of many voluntary interconnected autonomous networks. It runs without a central governing body. Nevertheless, to maintain interoperability, all technical and policy features of the underlying central infrastructure and the primary name spaces, that is, domain names, IP addresses, application port number and many other parameters are administered by a body called Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in California. World Wide Web and the internet These two terms are often used daily without much distinction, yet have different meanings. The internet is made up of hardware and software infrastructure that ensure availability of connectivity between computers. The World Wide Web or just the web is one of the services transferred through the internet. It is a pool of interconnected documents and many other resources interconnected by hyperlinks and URLs. Technical terms related to the internet include: URLs It stands for Uniform Resource Locator and is used to uniquely identify each of the billions of web pages across the world and help one guide others to them. Internet Backbone The first high speed Tier 1 backbone was created by the NFS in 1987. Backbones are typically fiber optic trunk lines with multiple fiber optic cables to increase the capacity. Bandwidth This is the transmission capability of the lines that convey the Internets electronic traffic where a larger bandwidth transfers more data at a time. Lack of bandwidth can inflict severe restrictions on the quick information delivery by the internet. Peering This is where multiple ISPs are linked at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), permitting routing of data across each network, without transmission charges on one another for the data which would otherwise have gone through a third upstream ISP, attracting charges from the upstream ISP. Web hosting This is a form of internet hosting service that lets individuals and organizations make their own websites reachable through the World Wide Web. Web hosting companies offer space on a server they either own or have leased for use by their clients and furthermore provide internet connectivity usually in a data center. IPv4 The Internet Protocol enables internetworking and fundamentally creates the internet itself. IP Version 4 (IPv4) is the preliminary version on the initial generation of todays internet and is still dominantly in use. It was aimed to address up to 4.3 billion (109) internet hosts. IPv4 addresses were initially allocated based on classes. In the original specification of IPv4 (RFC 791) released in 1981, the authors established the classes to provide three different sizes of networks for large, medium and small organizations. As a result, class A, B and C addresses were defined with a specific format for the high order bits, which are the left-most bits in a 32-bit address. The remaining addresses were reserved for multicasting and future uses. However, IPv4 addresses are being exhausted due to the explosive growth of the internet, and the exhaustion is estimated to enter its final stage around 2011. (Microsoft Corporation, 2009) IPv6 The exhaustion led to development of IPv6 around mid-1990s, which provides massively larger addressing abilities and much more efficient routing of traffic. Presently, IPv6 is in commercial deployment phase across the world and internet address registries (RIRs) have started to urge all resource managers to organize rapid implementation and conversion. IPv6 is not interoperable with IPv4 as it basically creates a parallel form of the internet that IPv4 software cannot directly access. Software upgrades or translator facilities are thus essential for each networking device that requires communication on the IPV6 internet. While most recent computer operating systems have by now converted to function with both versions, network infrastructures still lag behind in this development. (Teare Diane, 2006) Client-Server Architecture A computer operates software known as the client and it interacts with another known as the server found at a remote computer. The client is typically a browser such as Mozilla Firefox or Internet Explorer. The server interacts with the browser using a set of guidelines called protocols. These protocols aid in the correct transfer of data via requests from a browser as the server responds. The World Wide Web brings the many protocols available on the Internet together so one can use HTTP, Telnet, FTP, Email etc. on one platform, the web browser. Inside the HTML page the web designer embeds the server-side language code. This code is handed to the suitable interpreter which processes these guidelines and generates the ultimate HTML displayed by the browser. Internet security Cryptographic methods and protocols that have been developed for securing communications on the Internet ensure cyber security. Protocols including SSL and TLS for web traffic, PGP for email, and IPsec for the network layer security have been developed to secure internet communications. Firewalls are used to control access between networks. They consist of gateways and filters which vary from one firewall to another and screen network traffic, blocking that which is dangerous or malicious. Antiviruses are used to protect networks and devices from computer viruses, malware, Trojan horses, spyware, worms and botnets. Conclusion Since its conception in 1969, internet has evolved more than anything else to react positively to new requirements. With faster speeds now, internet is used in banking, gaming, advertising, social networking like Facebook and almost everything else. Shaping the future of internet, CSS3, Fonts as a Service such as Typekit that cater to web browsers that support the font-face rule already, and HTML5 are providing web designers the creative liberty that they have been craving for a long time. Yet new ideas and technologies bring new challenges. Many feel a clean slate approach is the one sure way of correctly addressing security, mobility and further challenges that have arose since 1969. Researchers believe its time to reconsider the Internets underlying architecture, a change that might mean getting to replace networking equipment and modifying computer software to channel future traffic over the existing pipes better. Within a decade, the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded GENI and European Union backed Future Internet Research and Experimentation (FIRE) research programs would be making a considerable change of the internet. (JESDANUN, 2007)

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Gwendolen and Cecily in the Importance of Being Earnest Essay

The Victorian age is considered to be one of the most prudent ages throughout of history. It is mainly based on your appearance. This means that the most important thing back then was to present as much as perfect as you can. It is crucial for them to be very appreciated by other people. This age can be described as very hypocrite because no one is perfect so lying and pretending in order to present as a â€Å"saint† is absurd but in that age it meant everything. This essay will discuss the role of women in that age compared with this age. It will also show the vanity and insecurity of women and try to explain if that really remained even for today. Miss Gwendolen Fairfax is a member of upper class society and a perfect example of a beautiful, rich lady who is most likely bored by her life but she will try to make her best to look good in front of everyone. She needs to stay in fashion â€Å"Sugar? No, thank you. Sugar is not fashionable any more. † She is in love with Jack but in the beginning she is mostly concerned around his name because the name Earnest itself shows great honesty and decency. When she finds out that he is really named Jack she has some doubts around him which is absurd because name has nothing to do with the person itself and the love you show to each other. Yet, it is another meaningless but in the Victorian age very important fact. Cecily Cardew, also a beautiful, young lady who is a guardian of Jack is a contrast to Gwendolen. She lives at the country and she is not that obsessed with appearance. She has good manners but when compared to Gwendolen the conclusion can be that she has a bit of the wild side. She was very cheeky toward Gwendolen but it was all played in a polite way. Cecily thinks that she is in love with Jack’s brother, so called Earnest because she heard lots of stories about him which gave her an opinion that he is a very passionate and â€Å"wicked† person. This wickedness is what really attracts her which actually makes a distinction between her and Gwendolen – she is not that obsessed with finding a virtuous husband. She thinks that Earnest’s recklessness is very attractive and high spirited. The most important thing above all is the name Earnest which is also in her case essential for starting a marriage. This is the main link between her and Gwendolen. There is song called It’s a man’s world, and it was written and composed in 1966. It has been a long time since the Victorian era and it has also been a long time since this song was composed. The point is, although lots of things changed during the history one remained even for today – women are still not equal with men but men will always desire women. Men truly rule the world but only woman can give birth of even a better man. Maybe the men were afraid of the women so they were condemned on having a boring life (the lucky ones; the aristocrats). Things started to change just after the Hastings in 1870s and petition for women’s right to vote. Maybe it was not such a critical age for women when it is previewed from a different angle. Indeed, they had no rights, honesty and appearance, which was already mentioned as a crucial thing in the Victorian age, were important but they had also no high expectations of them. Women were treated as ladies. This term â€Å"lady† is much different than today. First, it has a title and aristocrat meaning but it also has a different meaning and it is – women are fragile creatures which should be supplied with all goods and they deserve a decent provider (husband) who will take care of them. Their only job is to be pure, always by their husband’s side and to take care of their children. Women today are expected to be pure but also to provide money, take care of the children and there is that constant pressure of competing with men and trying to find their place in a â€Å"man’s world†. How absurd to talk of the equality of the sexes! Where questions of self-sacrifice are concerned, men are infinitely beyond us. † The tensions between Cecily and Gwendolen are typical. Whenever woman feels threatened by another woman’s presence and beauty she attacks. The argument between the two of them is displayed on a polite way because they are after all ladies and ladies do not start a fight like men do. It would maybe be settled in a different way today because fashion in sugar, bread and butter seems trivial now but the concept is same. Women are either very friendly or they call each other every name in the book. â€Å"(†¦ ) they will be calling each other sister. Women only do that when they have called each other a lot of other things first. † The conclusion of this essay is that women were not satisfied when they had no rights back then and they are also not satisfied in this age. It will never change. Also, it is in woman’s nature to judge other women just so she could feel safe. This remained until today.

Friday, January 10, 2020

Things You Wont Like About Social Issues List for Students and Things You Will

Things You Won't Like About Social Issues List for Students and Things You Will Public schools which do not receive high standardized test scores aren't being funded sufficiently to actually reach the most level of education their students ought to be receiving. The gain in the score for social service indicates that students had been more involved in the past calendar year. The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a big quantity of curiosity and capacity to think beyond the box and search info in unconventional sources. When students don't feel a feeling of safety or belonging, they are not as likely to attend school and are more inclined to take part in negative behavior. You've got to live it so as to feel it, she states. If you have sufficient time for an overall check-up, do it. One of the absolute most important things to know about how to survive a lengthy prison sentence is to be certain that you've got an adequate sum of money for your own personal supplies. In practice, there's seldom an easy remedy to a matter and thus the scenarios will mirror practice and will require a more elaborate approach to the solution. As the title indicates, laser epilation utilizes laserlight to receive rid of unwanted body hair. Doing it in the suitable way is encouraged. Therefore, pay the required attention to your overall look. It's particularly excellent for small, rural schools where technical expertise could be difficult to find. Explain basic financial concepts, which could include supply, demand, elasticity, or financial policy. Discuss important small business concepts that might consist of forms of business ownership, operations or company administration. The customary social network functionalities of having the ability to share information and connect with others are found, although this is basically a mere extension of the primary AARP website. Getting the Best Social Issues List for Students Discover how social psychologists do the things that they do. Additionally, it has been observed that the majority of the students aren't great at politics so it more than obvious they won't have the ability to craft an eye-catching, alluring and attention grabbing topic. Quite simply, students may tell something is off if a teacher indicates that it's morally wrong to break a traditional norm, or that it's wrong to hurt someone just because it's against the rules. All students have to be enrolled full moment. Choosing Social Issues List for Students Is Simple Social issues within this lesson is going to be defined as a health issue that every patient is going to have to evaluate based on their values, beliefs, and special circumstance. Education is potentially the most important aspect in somebody's success in society. Nonprofit organizations are often formed for the only goal of solving a social matter. Addressing social issues on campus is a significant part being a greater education administrator. It should be taken into consideration that even though the economy has proven some visible indications of progress in the previous two decades, this progress been uneven across various sectors or areas. Along with teen pregnancy, there are a large number of important identified social issues in the USA today. How another nation addresses the problems of a developing nation may influence its relationship with that nation and the remaining part of the world for a long time to come. India today is just one of the quickest developing nations with impressive financial growth prices. Furthermore, countries that allow multiple political parties and absolutely free expression of speech have still another issue in regards to tackling a few of the issues that plague its society. Among the likely first tasks of any advisory group is going to be to assess the demands and concerns of the community. The neighborhood agencies and health and social care workers are attempting to safeguard the men and women that are sexually exploited and working together is the chief aim of the service providers where all the team members attempt to cooperate with one another to be able to support the exploited people with suitable care and treatment. Clear mechanisms concerning the identification of beneficiaries have never been defined. Suggestions to Write Graduate Resumes By Eva Lee Once you finish your education, you will require a resume to look for employment. The list might go on and it's not a all-inclusive list. Registration is free of charge, naturally. Registration on t he website is absolutely free.

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Spirits of the Dead - 1623 Words

When someone who we care deeply for passes away, it can be heartbreaking. However, with time, most people come to realize that it is a part of life. The persons body has left the Earth, but their spirit has not. In some cases, people see a reincarnation of spirit in other living things. In other cases, people realize their loved ones spirit is with them forever. In his nonfiction, biographical short story Buckeye, writer Scott Sanders sees his passed fathers spirit in other living things, and learns to let go of his death and appreciate that his spirit will always be with him wherever he goes. A similar situation is found in Spirits Of The Dead, a poem written by Edgar Allan Poe, which structures and meaning show an evolution, a movement from sadness and depression to anger, to closure in utter resignation. The poet writes about his wife, Virginias death and how he goes through the process of mourning to acceptance. Lastly, in All is Well, poet Canon Henry Scott Holland tells the rea der that when the speaker of this experience, his spirit will be alive in the next room and that he will still remain as the same person he was throughout life. These two poems and this short story all have the same theme, spirits of our dearly beloved live on in the world around us. For Sanders, his father spirit is in a red-tailed hawk. For Poe, spirits of the dead are in the dew-drops of the grass. For the characters in Hollands stories, the spirits are in the next room. We choose toShow MoreRelatedGhosts Are The Spirits Of The Dead1947 Words   |  8 PagesSpecter, spirit, banshee, poltergeist, apparition, phantom, or spook, call them what you wish, but the general most common term for these creatures are ghosts. The word â€Å"ghost† has many connotations connected to it in the American culture. 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The origins are not well known but it is thought to have evolved from ancestor worship and animism. ‘While practitioners believe in only one true God they communicate with him through thousands of different spirits and shrines.† It is practiced in many different countries and although they all have for the most part the same b eliefs some of their practices are different. Spirit possessionRead MoreEssay on Chinese and American Ghosts (Woman Warrior)1220 Words   |  5 Pages The two cultures have different views of what a ghost is. The Chinese believe the ghost spirits may be of people dead or alive. Chinese culture recognizes foreigners and unfamiliar people as ghosts because, like American ghosts, they are mysterious creatures of the unknown. Americans view ghosts as spirits of the dead that either help or haunt people. American ghosts may or may not be real. There spirits are there but physical appearance is a mystery. Chinese culture has many interpretationsRead MoreA Brief Note On Death And Dying Project1241 Words   |  5 PagesPatricia Plumb Dr. Klingenberg Developmental Phycology 250 April 15, 2015 Death and Dying Project Every culture has their own way to deal with the dying and dead. Some like to bury their dead, some will cremate, and others will just leave the body in the open. Every culture has their own special and specific way to do things. Some might mourn and others will celebrate. In Vietnam when a person is about to die family comes and visits, this is the moment of silence. The olds son or daughter wouldRead MoreThe Woman Warrior by Maxine Hong Kingston Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pages The two cultures have different views of what a ghost is. The Chinese believe the ghost spirits may be of people dead or alive. Chinese culture recognizes foreigners and unfamiliar people as ghosts because, like American ghosts, they are mysterious creatures of the unknown. Americans view ghosts as spirits of the dead that either help or haunt people. American ghosts may or may not be real. There spirits are there but physical appearance is a mystery. Chinese culture has many interpretations